The section 4.11 describes how to define a function. In this chapter we describe functions that give information about functions, and various utility functions used either when defining functions or calling functions.
‣ NameFunction( func ) | ( attribute ) |
returns the name of a function. For operations, this is the name used in their declaration. For functions, this is the variable name they were first assigned to. (For some internal functions, this might be a name different from the name that is documented.) If no such name exists, the string "unknown" is returned.
gap> NameFunction(SylowSubgroup); "SylowSubgroup" gap> Blubberflutsch:=x->x;; gap> HasNameFunction(Blubberflutsch); true gap> NameFunction(Blubberflutsch); "Blubberflutsch" gap> a:=Blubberflutsch;; gap> NameFunction(a); "Blubberflutsch" gap> SetNameFunction(a, "f"); gap> NameFunction(a); "f" gap> HasNameFunction(x->x); false gap> NameFunction(x->x); "unknown"
‣ NumberArgumentsFunction( func ) | ( operation ) |
returns the number of arguments the function func accepts. -1 is returned for all operations. For functions that use ... or arg to take a variable number of arguments, the number returned is -1 times the total number of parameters. For attributes, 1 is returned.
gap> NumberArgumentsFunction(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k)return 1;end); 11 gap> NumberArgumentsFunction(Size); 1 gap> NumberArgumentsFunction(IsCollsCollsElms); 3 gap> NumberArgumentsFunction(Sum); -1 gap> NumberArgumentsFunction(function(a, x...) return 1; end); -2
‣ NamesLocalVariablesFunction( func ) | ( operation ) |
returns a mutable list of strings; the first entries are the names of the arguments of the function func, in the same order as they were entered in the definition of func, and the remaining ones are the local variables as given in the local statement in func. (The number of arguments can be computed with NumberArgumentsFunction (5.1-2).)
gap> NamesLocalVariablesFunction(function( a, b ) local c; return 1; end); [ "a", "b", "c" ] gap> NamesLocalVariablesFunction(function( arg ) local a; return 1; end); [ "arg", "a" ] gap> NamesLocalVariablesFunction( Size ); fail
‣ FilenameFunc( func ) | ( function ) |
For a function func, FilenameFunc returns either fail or the absolute path of the file from which func has been read. The return value fail occurs if func is a compiled function or an operation. For functions that have been entered interactively, the string "*stdin*" is returned, see Section 9.5.
gap> FilenameFunc( LEN_LIST ); # a kernel function fail gap> FilenameFunc( Size ); # an operation fail gap> FilenameFunc( x -> x^2 ); # an interactively entered function "*stdin*" gap> meth:= ApplicableMethod( Size, [ Group( () ) ] );; gap> FilenameFunc( meth ); "... some path .../grpperm.gi"
‣ StartlineFunc( func ) | ( function ) |
‣ EndlineFunc( func ) | ( function ) |
Let func be a function. If FilenameFunc (5.1-4) returns fail for func then also StartlineFunc returns fail. If FilenameFunc (5.1-4) returns a filename for func then StartlineFunc returns the line number in this file where the definition of func starts.
EndlineFunc behaves similarly and returns the line number in this file where the definition of func ends.
gap> meth:= ApplicableMethod( Size, [ Group( () ) ] );; gap> FilenameFunc( meth ); "... some path ... /lib/grpperm.gi" gap> StartlineFunc( meth ); 487 gap> EndlineFunc( meth ); 487
‣ LocationFunc( func ) | ( function ) |
Let func be a function. Returns a string describing the location of func, or fail if the information cannot be found. This uses the information provided by FilenameFunc (5.1-4) and StartlineFunc (5.1-5)
gap> LocationFunc( Intersection ); "... some path ... gap/lib/coll.gi:2467" # String is an attribute, so no information is stored gap> LocationFunc( String ); fail
‣ PageSource( func[, nr] ) | ( function ) |
This shows the file containing the source code of the function or method func in a pager (see Pager (2.4-1)). The display starts at a line shortly before the code of func.
For operations func the function shows the source code of the declaration of func. Operations can have several declarations, use the optional second argument to specify which one should be shown (in the order the declarations were read); the default is to show the first.
For kernel functions the function tries to show the C source code.
If GAP cannot find a file containing the source code this will be indicated.
Usage examples:
met := ApplicableMethod(\^, [(1,2),2743527]); PageSource(met);
PageSource(Combinations);
PageSource(SORT_LIST);
PageSource(Size, 2);
ct := CharacterTable(Group((1,2,3)));
met := ApplicableMethod(Size,[ct]); PageSource(met);
‣ CallFuncList( func, args ) | ( operation ) |
‣ CallFuncListWrap( func, args ) | ( operation ) |
returns the result, when calling function func with the arguments given in the list args, i.e. args is unwrapped
so that args appears as several arguments to func.
gap> CallFuncList(\+, [6, 7]); 13 gap> #is equivalent to: gap> \+(6, 7); 13
A more useful application of CallFuncList is for a function g that is called in the body of a function f with (a sublist of) the arguments of f, where f has been defined with a single formal argument arg (see 4.11), as in the following code fragment.
f := function ( arg )
CallFuncList(g, arg);
...
end;
In the body of f the several arguments passed to f become a list arg. If g were called instead via g( arg ) then g would see a single list argument, so that g would, in general, have to unwrap
the passed list. The following (not particularly useful) example demonstrates both described possibilities for the call to g.
gap> PrintNumberFromDigits := function ( arg ) > CallFuncList( Print, arg ); > Print( "\n" ); > end; function( arg... ) ... end gap> PrintNumberFromDigits( 1, 9, 7, 3, 2 ); 19732 gap> PrintDigits := function ( arg ) > Print( arg ); > Print( "\n" ); > end; function( arg... ) ... end gap> PrintDigits( 1, 9, 7, 3, 2 ); [ 1, 9, 7, 3, 2 ]
CallFuncListWrap differs only in that the result is a list. This returned list is empty if the called function returned no value, else it contains the returned value as its single member. This allows wrapping functions which may, or may not return a value.
gap> CallFuncListWrap( x -> x, [1] ); [ 1 ] gap> CallFuncListWrap( function(x) end, [1] ); [ ]
‣ MemoizePosIntFunction( function[, options] ) | ( function ) |
MemoizePosIntFunction returns a function which behaves the same as function, except it caches the results for any inputs that are positive integers. Thus if the new function is called multiple times with the same input, then any call after the first will return the cached value, instead of recomputing it. By default, the cache can be flushed by calling FlushCaches (79.10-4).
The returned function will by default only accept positive integers.
This function does not promise to never call function more than once for any input -- values may be removed if the cache gets too large, or if FlushCaches (79.10-4) is called, or if multiple threads try to calculate the same value simultaneously.
The optional second argument is a record which provides a number of configuration options. The following options are supported.
defaults (default an empty list)Used to initialise the cache, both initially and after each flush. If defaults[i] is bound, then this is used as default value for the input i.
flush (default true)If this is true, the cache is emptied whenever FlushCaches (79.10-4) is called; if false, then the cache cannot be flushed.
errorHandler (defaults to Error (6.6-1))A function to be called when an input which is not a positive integer is passed to the cache. The function can either raise an error, or else return a value which is then returned by the cache. Note that such a value does not get cached itself.
gap> f := MemoizePosIntFunction( > function(i) Print("Check: ",i,"\n"); return i*i; end, > rec(defaults := [,,50], errorHandler := x -> "Bad") );; gap> f(2); Check: 2 4 gap> f(2); 4 gap> f(3); 50 gap> f(-3); "Bad" gap> FlushCaches(); gap> f(2); Check: 2 4 gap> f(3); 50
The following functions return fixed results (or just their own argument). They can be useful in places when the syntax requires a function, but actually no functionality is required. So ReturnTrue (5.4-1) is often used as family predicate in InstallMethod (78.3-1).
‣ ReturnTrue( ... ) | ( function ) |
This function takes any number of arguments, and always returns true.
gap> f:=ReturnTrue; function( arg... ) ... end gap> f(); true gap> f(42); true
‣ ReturnFalse( ... ) | ( function ) |
This function takes any number of arguments, and always returns false.
gap> f:=ReturnFalse; function( arg... ) ... end gap> f(); false gap> f("any_string"); false
‣ ReturnFail( ... ) | ( function ) |
This function takes any number of arguments, and always returns fail.
gap> oops:=ReturnFail; function( arg... ) ... end gap> oops(); fail gap> oops(-42); fail
‣ ReturnNothing( ... ) | ( function ) |
This function takes any number of arguments, and always returns nothing.
gap> n:=ReturnNothing; function( object... ) ... end gap> n(); gap> n(-42);
‣ ReturnFirst( ... ) | ( function ) |
This function takes one or more arguments, and always returns the first argument. IdFunc (5.4-6) behaves similarly, but only accepts a single argument.
gap> f:=ReturnFirst; function( first, rest... ) ... end gap> f(1); 1 gap> f(2,3,4); 2 gap> f(); Error, Function: number of arguments must be at least 1 (not 0)
‣ IdFunc( obj ) | ( function ) |
returns obj. ReturnFirst (5.4-5) is similar, but accepts one or more arguments, returning only the first.
gap> id:=IdFunc; function( object ) ... end gap> id(42); 42 gap> f:=id(SymmetricGroup(3)); Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] ) gap> s:=One(AutomorphismGroup(SymmetricGroup(3))); IdentityMapping( Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] ) ) gap> f=s; false
Functions are GAP objects and thus have categories and a family.
‣ IsFunction( obj ) | ( category ) |
is the category of functions.
gap> IsFunction(x->x^2); true gap> IsFunction(Factorial); true gap> f:=One(AutomorphismGroup(SymmetricGroup(3))); IdentityMapping( Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] ) ) gap> IsFunction(f); false
‣ FunctionsFamily | ( family ) |
is the family of all functions.
The way functions are named in GAP might help to memorize or even guess names of library functions.
If a variable name consists of several words then the first letter of each word is capitalized.
If the first part of the name of a function is a verb then the function may modify its argument(s) but does not return anything, for example Append (21.4-5) appends the list given as second argument to the list given as first argument. Otherwise the function returns an object without changing the arguments, for example Concatenation (21.20-1) returns the concatenation of the lists given as arguments.
If the name of a function contains the word
then the return value is thought of as information deduced from the arguments. Usually such functions are attributes (see 13.5). Examples are OfGeneratorsOfGroup (39.2-4), which returns a list of generators for the group entered as argument, or DiagonalOfMat (24.12-1).
For the setter and tester functions of an attribute Attr the names SetAttr resp. HasAttr are available (see 13.5).
If the name of a function contains the word
then the return value is thought of as built in a certain way from the parts given as arguments. For example, creating a group as a factor group of a given group by a normal subgroup can be done by taking the image of ByNaturalHomomorphismByNormalSubgroup (39.18-1). Other examples of
functions are ByGroupHomomorphismByImages (40.1-1) and LaurentPolynomialByCoefficients (66.13-1).
Often such functions construct an algebraic structure given by its generators (for example, RingByGenerators (56.1-4)). In some cases,
may be replaced by By
(like e.g. WithGroupWithGenerators (39.2-3)) or even both versions of the name may be used. The difference between StructByGenerators and StructWithGenerators is that the latter guarantees that the GeneratorsOfStruct value of the result is equal to the given set of generators (see 31.3).
If the name of a function has the form
then the return value is an object (usually a collection which has the same family of elements), which may, for example:AsSomething
know more about its own structure (and so support more operations) than its input (e.g. if the elements of the collection form a group, then this group can be constructed using AsGroup (39.2-5));
discard its additional structure (e.g. AsList (30.3-8) applied to a group will return a list of its elements);
contain all elements of the original object without duplicates (like e.g. AsSet (30.3-10) does if its argument is a list of elements from the same family);
remain unchanged (like e.g. AsSemigroup (51.1-6) does if its argument is a group).
If Something and the argument of AsSomething are domains, some further rules apply as explained in Tutorial: Changing the Structure.
If the name of a function fun1 ends with
then there is another function NCfun2 with the same name except that the NC is missing. NC stands for no check
. When fun2 is called then it checks whether its arguments are valid, and if so then it calls fun1. The functions SubgroupNC (39.3-1) and Subgroup (39.3-1) are a typical example.
The idea is that the possibly time consuming check of the arguments can be omitted if one is sure that they are unnecessary. For example, if an algorithm produces generators of the derived subgroup of a group then it is guaranteed that they lie in the original group; Subgroup (39.3-1) would check this, and SubgroupNC (39.3-1) omits the check.
Needless to say, all these rules are not followed slavishly, for example there is one operation Zero (31.10-3) instead of two operations ZeroOfElement and ZeroOfAdditiveGroup.
GAP supports the use of code annotations (pragmas) in functions, i.e., adding comments to functions that are stored in the function object itself, unlike regular comments. Pragmas are single-line comments, starting with #%:
gap> function() > #% This is a pragma > # This is not a pragma > return; > end;; gap> Display( last ); function ( ) #% This is a pragma return; end
Pragmas can be used to mark parts of functions that should later be manipulated using 4.16.
Please note that heavy use of pragmas in functions slows down the execution of your function in the same way as adding empty ; statements to your code.
gap> a := function( ) > local i; > for i in [ 1 .. 1000000 ] do > i := i + 1; > od; > end; function( ) ... end gap> a(); gap> time; 14 gap> b := function( ) > local i; > for i in [ 1 .. 1000000 ] do > i := i + 1; > #% pragma > #% pragma > #% pragma > #% pragma > #% pragma > od; > end; function( ) ... end gap> b(); gap> time; 25
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